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Kobe Incident
The of February 4, 1868, also known in Japanese as the , and in English as "Bizen Affray", later "the Bizen Affair", was spun into a scandal in Franco-Japanese relations which represented the first major international affairs challenge for the fledgling Meiji government of Japan, and the "extrajurisdictional international zone", or "Foreign Settlement" at Hiogo, at the time occupied by a community of foreign merchant-houses, with some naval presence of arms from the countries of their incorporation, including the US Marines, of whom more than fifty landed in the panic, a mere 21 days after the highest-ranking American, Rear Admiral Henry H. Bell, was killed.
==Initial incident==
On January 27, 1868, with the outbreak of the Boshin war, the new Meiji government ordered that Nishinomiya in Settsu be guarded in order to check the pro-Shogunate forces of Amagasaki Domain. By the 29th, 2,000 troops had been raised in Bizen Domain to the west, and among these were 500 (alternately 800) troops under the command of the domain's ''karō'' , accompanied by cannons, who marched over land for their destination. Because the port of Hyōgo had been opened on January 1, the troops advanced on the road rather than that built by the Tokugawa shogunate, in an effort to avoid encounters with enemy forces or foreigners.
Sometime after 1 o'clock on February 4, as the line of Bizen troops marched along in the vicinity of Sannomiya Shrine, two French sailors emerged from a nearby building and attempted to cross the line. The Japanese troops saw this as constituting , an act of extreme disrespect under the Laws for the Military Houses, and Taki Zenzaburo, in charge of the third cannon group, took a spear and attempted to stop them. However, neither side could understand the other, and when the sailors attempted to force their way through, Taki stabbed at them with his spear, inflicting light wounds.
The sailors briefly retreated indoors but reemerged with handguns. Taki, seeing this, shouted out "Guns, guns!", which his troops took as an order to shoot, beginning a firefight. The roadside skirmish soon also targeted the European and American dignitaries who were inspecting the adjacent planned site of a foreign settlement, and several full volleys were fired.〔According to Brandt 1901, "six or seven" volleys.〕 Most of the bullets missed and flew over the heads of their intended targets, but did pierce the various foreign flags flying over the old Shogunate customs house on the other side of the planned site. Whether this was warning fire or simply badly aimed shots intended to kill was unclear even in the testimony of Western witnesses.〔Mitford (1915) and Francis Ottiwell Adams (1875) argued that the shots were intended to kill. Brandt (1901) said that the shots were aimed upwards, as if targeting the flags over the customs house, and inflicted only light wounds on two American apprentice sailors and one other foreigner. However, when the new government appealed for clemency for Taki, Brandt argued that the shots had been aimed to kill and only God's grace had spared his side's soldiers, and so there was no reason to lessen the punishment.〕
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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